Sex, Age, and Risk Group Variations among Individuals Infected with HIV, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2: Review of Data Records (1983­2017) from a Public Health Laboratory in São Paulo, Brazil

The inaugural AIDS Program in Brazil was established in São Paulo in 1983, with the Instituto Adolfo Lutz appointed for laboratory assistance. Subsequently, research on HIV infections and HIV/HTLV (HIV/HTLV-1 and HIV/HTLV-2) co-infections was conducted. This narrative review focuses on studies from the Immunology Department (1983­2017) that significantly influenced AIDS diagnosis or provided epidemiological data such as prevalence rates, sex, age, and risk factors. Twelve studies, encompassing over 8000 individuals, are discussed. During 1983­1985, nearly all AIDS cases were attributed to homosexual/bisexual men aged 31 years old. Subsequently, heterosexual men and women emerged as risk groups owing to intravenous drug use (IDU) and/or unprotected sexual intercourse with AIDS patients or multiple partners per year. From 1985 onwards, vertical transmission led to child infections. HIV/HTLV co-infection rates decreased over time, initially associated with male IDU, and in the 2010s with female IDU, and individuals aged >40 years. Trends in HIV and HIV/HTLV co-infections among younger men and women (<30 years of age) were observed from 2015 to 2017. The changing characteristics and risk groups for HIV and HIV/HTLV co-infections over the years underscore the necessity for ongoing public policies to prevent retrovirus transmission, particularly among adolescents and young adults. (AU)

Plataforma laboratorial para monitorear el SARS-CoV-2 basada en la vigilancia de influenza y otros virus respiratorios en Perú / Laboratory platform for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 based on surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses in Peru

RESUMEN En el Perú, la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha evidenciado la utilidad de tener un sistema de vigilancia laboratorial estructurado y en funcionamiento desde hace 22 años, basado en la vigilancia de influenza; inicialmente en modalidad de unidades centinela, y después fortaleciéndose e innovándose, con recursos propios y con apoyo externo, para generar información de calidad. Se han implementado avances biotecnológicos para la confirmación diagnóstica e incrementado las capacidades de la red nacional de laboratorios, manteniendo la eficiencia, considerando las diversas y complejas realidades de los niveles regionales, y superando dificultades de comunicación y articulación entre instituciones. Resulta necesario consolidar este sistema, con trabajo colaborativo y coordinado entre sus componentes, impulsando su eficacia y oportunidad y promoviendo la vigilancia genómica de nuevos virus y variantes, como actualmente ocurre con el SARS-CoV-2.

ABSTRACT In Peru, the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the usefulness of having a structured laboratory surveillance system that has been operational for 22 years, based on influenza surveillance; initially in the form of sentinel units, and later strengthened and innovated, with its own resources and with external support, to provide quality information. Biotechnological advances have been implemented for diagnostic confirmation and the capacity of the national laboratory network has been expanded, maintaining efficiency, considering the diverse and complex realities of each region, and overcoming difficulties regarding communication and articulation between institutions. It is necessary to consolidate this system, with collaborative and coordinated work between its components, boosting its effectiveness and timeliness and promoting genomic surveillance of new viruses and variants, as is currently the case with SARS-CoV-2.

Aprendizados no enfrentamento à pandemia / Lessons learned in coping with the pandemic

O novo coronavírus (SARSCoV-2) instaurou inúmeros desafios no contexto da gestão pública, não só da saúde pública, mas também da economia e da educação; e ainda nos aspectos da vida social e individual, deixando centenas de milhões de casos e milhões de mortes, transformando a realidade conhecida. Diante deste contexto este e-book buscou agregar e compilar experiências da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Goiás (SES/GO) no enfrentamento à pandemia, nos mais diferentes aspectos da gestão em saúde (vigilância, regulação, assistência, transparência, gestão de pessoas, entre outros)

The new coronavirus (SARSCoV-2) has created numerous challenges in the context of public management, not only in public health, but also in the economy and education; and even in the aspects of social and individual life, leaving hundreds of millions of cases and millions of deaths, transforming the known reality. Given this context, this e-book sought to aggregate and compile experiences of the State Department of Health of Goiás (SES/GO) in facing the pandemic, in the most different aspects of health management (surveillance, regulation, assistance, transparency, people management , between others)

Estructura genética de cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis farmacorresistentes en Perú con base en haplotipos obtenidos de un ensayo de sonda lineal / Genetic structure of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Peru based on haplotypes obtained from a linear probe assay

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la estructura genética de las cepas drogorresistentes de Mycobacterium tuberculosis que circularon en todo el Perú durante los años 2011-2015 a través de haplotipos obtenidos de un ensayo con sondas en línea. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 6589 muestras que ingresaron al Instituto Nacional de Salud para el diagnóstico rutinario mediante el ensayo GenoType® MTBDRplus v2, durante el periodo de estudio. Se crearon haplotipos resistentes mediante la concatenación de 21 sitios polimórficos de los genes evaluados por el ensayo con sondas en línea, y se realizó el análisis de asociación con fenotipos obtenidos por el método de proporciones agar 7H10. Resultados. Las mutaciones de mayores frecuencias fueron: rpoB S531L (55,4%) y rpoB D516V (18,5%) para la resistencia a rifampicina, y katG S315T (59,5%) e inhA c-15t (25,7%) para la resistencia a isoniacida. Se obtuvieron 13 haplotipos representativos (87,8% de muestras analizadas) de los cuales seis correspondieron al genotipo multidrogorresistente, cuatro al genotipo monorresistente a isoniacida y tres al genotipo monorresistente a rifampicina. Dieciocho departamentos, y la provincia del Callao, presentaron una alta diversidad haplotípica; cuatro presentaron moderada diversidad y dos presentaron baja diversidad. Conclusiones. Existe una alta diversidad haplotípica en la mayoría de los departamentos, además de una concentración de las cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis drogorresistentes en las ciudades de Lima y Callao. Asimismo, las cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis con perfil drogorresistente que circulan en el Perú contienen principalmente los marcadores genéticos de mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial asociados con la resistencia frente a rifampicina e isoniacida.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the genetic structure of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that circulated throughout Peru during the years 2011-2015, by using haplotypes obtained from a line probe assay. Materials and methods. A total of 6589 samples that were admitted to the Instituto Nacional de Salud for routine diagnosis using the GenoType® MTBDRplus v2 assay were analyzed during the study period. Resistant haplotypes were created by concatenating 21 polymorphic sites of the evaluated genes using the line probe assay; and the association analysis was carried out with phenotypes obtained by the 7H10 agar ratio method. Results. The most frequent mutations were: rpoB S531L (55.4%) and rpoB D516V (18.5%) for rifampicin resistance, and katG S315T (59.5%) and inhA c-15t (25.7%) for isoniazid resistance. We obtained 13 representative haplotypes (87.8% of analyzed samples), 6 corresponded to the multidrug-resistant genotype, 4 to the isoniazid mono-resistant genotype and 3 to the rifampicin mono-resistant genotype. Eighteen regions and the province of Callao showed high haplotype diversity; four showed moderate diversity and two showed low diversity. Conclusions. Most regions showed high haplotype diversity; in addition, most drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were concentrated in the cities of Lima and Callao. Likewise, drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains circulating in Peru mainly contain the genetic markers with the highest prevalence worldwide, which are associated with resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid.

La bioseguridad en el desarrollo tecnológico de las investigaciones biomédicas / Biosecurity in the technological development of biomedical research

RESUMEN La bioseguridad juega un papel importante en las investigaciones biomédicas. Es preciso conocer las medidas recomendadas para el control de enfermedades en los entornos laborales donde los trabajadores corren el riesgo de contraer enfermedades y convertirse en fuente de infección para los pacientes. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir con la divulgación de las medidas de bioseguridad en los laboratorios biomédicos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de los principales artículos publicados en inglés y español en PubMed, SciELO y MEDLINE. Resulta de gran importancia la divulgación de las medidas de bioseguridad, a fin de garantizar su conocimiento por parte de los profesionales de los diferentes tipos de laboratorios. Ellos están obligados a desarrollar o adoptar un manual de operaciones o de bioseguridad que identifique los riesgos que se encontrarán o puedan producirse, y especifique las prácticas y procedimientos destinados a minimizar o eliminar las exposiciones a estos (AU).

ABSTRACT Biosecurity plays an important role in biomedical research. It is necessary to know the recommended measures for disease control in work environments where workers are at risk of contracting diseases and becoming a source of infection for patients. The aim of this work is to contribute to the dissemination of biosafety measures in biomedical laboratories. A systematic review of the main articles published in English and Spanish in PubMed, SciELO and MEDLINE was carried out. The dissemination of biosafety measures is of great importance in order to ensure their knowledge by professionals in the different types of laboratories. They have to develop or adopt a manual of operations or biosecurity that identifies the risks that will be found or may occur, and specifies the practices and procedures to minimize or eliminate exposures to them (AU).

Guia para diagnóstico laboratorial em saúde pública: orientações para o sistema nacional de laboratórios de saúde pública [recurso eletrônico] / Guide to Public Health Laboratory Diagnosis: Guidelines for the National Public Health Laboratory System [electronic resource]

O presente guia tem como finalidade auxiliar e orientar a atuação dos integrantes do Sistema Nacional de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública (Sislab), instituído pela Portaria GM/MS n. 2.031, de 23 de setembro de 2004, que, entre suas competências, define o Sislab como um sistema organizado em sub-redes por agravos ou programas, de forma hierarquizada por grau de complexidade, e que se configura dentro dos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

Manual de procedimientos para la gestión de insumos y reactivos del Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Pública / Procedures manual for the management of supplies and reagents of the National Public Health Laboratory

En el presente manual se establecen las directrices que garanticen el cumplimiento de las buenas prácticas para la recepción, almacenaje, distribución, registro y control de uso de los insumos y reactivos de laboratorio nacional de salud pública. (LNSP)

This manual establishes the guidelines that guarantee compliance with good practices for the reception, storage, distribution, registration and control of the use of supplies and reagents from the national public health laboratory (LNSP)

Lineamientos técnicos para el diagnóstico microscópico de la malaria / Technical guidelines for the microscopic diagnosis of malaria

En los presentes lineamientos se destacan las disposiciones de bioseguridad que los profesionales deben seguir en el laboratorio, para protección personal. Así mismo se brinda una detallada descripción de la toma de muestras, la limpieza de los portaobjetos y errores que deben prevenirse al recolectar muestras, además, se enuncian los materiales y procedimientos de tinción, observación microscópica del parásito y los diferentes estadios, densidad parasitaria, forma correcta de conteo y reporte

These guidelines highlight the biosecurity provisions that professionals must follow in the laboratory, for personal protection. Likewise, a detailed description of the sampling, the cleaning of the slides and errors that must be prevented when collecting samples is provided, in addition, the materials and staining procedures, microscopic observation of the parasite and the different stages, parasitic density, are listed. correct way of counting and reporting

Interpretación de resultados de laboratorio para diagnóstico de COVID-19, 6 de mayo del 2020 / Interpretation of laboratory results for COVID-19 diagnosis, 6 May 2020 / Interpretação dos resultados laboratoriais para o diagnóstico de COVID-19, 6 de maio de 2020

La confirmación etiológica de la infección por el virus que causa la COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) solo puede hacerse mediante ensayos de laboratorio. La interpretación adecuada de los resultados obtenidos en cualquier tipo de ensayo debe ser realizada cuidadosamente y teniendo en cuenta la dinámica de la infección (momento en que se toma una muestra y la calidad de dicha muestra) y el objetivo por el cual se toma una muestra (diagnóstico, seroprevalencia, etc.).

Etiological confirmation of COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) infection can only be made by laboratory tests. In general, the currently available assays for COVID-19 can be classified into two groups: • The first group (virological tests) includes tests that can detect the presence of the components of the virus (genetic material or antigens).

A interpretação adequada dos resultados obtidos em qualquer tipo de ensaio deve ser realizada com cuidado e levar em consideração a dinâmica da infecção (quando a amostra é coletada) e o objetivo para o qual a amostra é coletada (diagnóstico, soroprevalência, etc.).

Testes diagnóstico - COVID-19 / Diagnostic tests - COVID-19

Síntese de evidências sobre testes para diagnóstico rápido do Coronavírus, cita os principais métodos usados em todo o mundo e os testes adotados no Brasil

Synthesis of evidence on tests for rapid diagnosis of Coronavirus, cites the main methods used worldwide and the tests adopted in Brazil

Directrices de laboratorio para la detección y el diagnóstico de la infección con el virus COVID-19 / Laboratory guidelines for the detection and diagnosis of COVID-19 virus infection

Los coronavirus son un grupo de virus ARN altamente diversos de la familia Coronaviridae que se dividen en 4 géneros: alfa, beta, gamma y delta, y que causan enfermedades de leves a graves en humanos y animales (1-3). Existen coronavirus humanos endémicos como los alfacoronavirus 229E y NL63 y los betacoronavirus OC43 y HKU1 que pueden causar enfermedades de tipo influenza o neumonía en humanos (1, 3). Sin embargo, dos coronavirus zoonóticos que causan enfermedades graves en humanos han emergido: el coronavirus del Síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV) en 2002-2003 y el coronavirus del Síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio (MERS-CoV) (1-5).